For some time, our current educational system has not been sufficiently preparingstudents for the demands of the 21st century or for opportunities in the economy, in theworkforce, or as citizens (Facione et al., 1996; Kay, 2010). Many students are notmotivated or engaged in learning, as school curricula seem irrelevant to their futures(Calderon and Lopez, 2020; Fredricks et al., 2004). The conventional classroom has oftenbeen an environment that relies on knowledge acquisition through text-basedengagements and interactions with the teachers. However, in the 21st century, there hasbeen a shift away from this ‘lecture-by-expert’ or ‘teacher-centric’ model, towards alearning model that is centred upon experience, engagement, and collaboration (DeFreitas et al., 2010; Kay, 2010). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this trend, aseducational institutions had to implement emergency remote teaching and learning (T